Table 2. Differences in speech data among frail, pre-frail, and robust groups

Variables	Frail	Pre-frail	Robust	p
Total speech duration (s)	17.47±2.33	13.31±3.24	9.75±2.06	<0.001
Voice duration (s)	10.07±1.45	8.07±1.65	6.17±0.97	0.001
Unvoiced duration (s)	7.40±2.13	5.24±2.18	3.58±1.72	0.010
Speed rate (syl/s)	2.38±0.30	3.24±0.73	4.35±0.78	<0.001
Articulation rate (syl/s)	4.15±0.68	5.30±1.15	6.81±1.15	0.001
Mean syllable duration (s)	0.25±0.04	0.20±0.04	0.15±0.02	0.001
Number of pauses (No.)	17.83±3.82	13.75±4.85	10.75±3.77	0.017

Abbreviation: syl/s, syllables per second.
The values for the frail, pre-frail, and robust groups are presented as mean±standard deviation.