Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants

Variables	Frail (n=6)	Pre-frail (n=24)	Robust (n=12)	p
Gender, No. (%) of females	5(83.3)	16(66.7)	6(50.0)	0.355
Age, years, mean±SD	83.83±5.81	83.58±5.72	80.67±8.05	0.413
Height, cm, mean±SD	151.92±7.06	155.94±6.37	164.25±7.53	0.001
Weight, kg, mean±SD	57.27±13.70	59.42±8.38	65.21±10.17	0.168
BMI, kg/m2 mean±SD	24.52±3.91	24.43±2.99	24.18±3.32	0.968
MMSE, scores, mean±SD	23.33±3.44	26.38±1.97	28.08±1.62	<0.001

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; MMSE, mini mental state examination.
The values for the frail, pre-frail, and robust groups are presented as mean±standard deviation.