Table 1. Assessment of skin elasticity, density, glow, and hydration (deep and surface) before and after high-intensity dynamic micro-massage (HIDM) therapy

Variable	Pretreatment (Mean±SD)	Posttreatment (Mean±SD)	Mean difference	% change	95% CI of difference	p	Cohen d
CoR value (for elasticity)
Cheek	0.61±0.02	0.62±0.02	0.59	1.63	–0.01 to –0.00	<0.001*	0.5
Around the eye	0.54±0.03	0.55±0.03	0.01	1.85	–0.01 to 0.00	<0.001*	0.333
Nasolabial	0.59±0.02	0.60±0.02	0.01	1.69	–0.01 to –0.00	<0.001*	0.5
Mouth corner	0.61±0.02	0.62±0.02	0.01	1.63	–0.01 to 0.00	<0.001*	0.5
Skin density	12.35±1.64	13.35±1.83	1.00	8.09	–1.26 to –0.72	<0.001*	0.575
Skin glow	2.43±0.41	3.45±0.23	1.02	41.97	–1.17 to –0.86	<0.001*	3.068
Hydration (deep)	14.23±2.82	54.52±3.67	40.29	283.13	–41.60 to –38.97	<0.001*	12.310
Hydration (surface)	46.59±4.01	58.86±3.97	12.27	26.33	–13.02 to –11.51	<0.001*	3.075

CI, confidence interval; CoR, coefficient of restitution; SD, standard deviation. Data are presented as mean±standard deviation.
A paired t-test revealed a statistically significant difference between pre- and post-interventional ultrasound measurements (p<0.001).