Table 2. Change in gluteal muscle strength, gait velocity, pain and low back disability pre- and post-intervention

Variable	Group	Pre-intervention	Post-intervention	Within-group change	Between-group change	p
Variable	Group	Mean±SD	Mean±SD	Mean difference (95% CI)		p
Rt. Gmax	SEG (n=16)	5.85±3.12	6.96±3.18	1.10(–2.33,0.12)	0.41(–1.44,2.27)	0.07	0.83
Rt. Gmax	CEG (n=11)	6.50±3.55	8.01±3.20	1.51(–3.05,0.02)	0.41(–1.44,2.27)	0.12	0.83
Lt. Gmax	SEG (n=16)	6.28±3.98	7.07±3.43	0.78(–2.02,0.44)	0.22(–1.55,2.00)	0.19	0.78
Lt. Gmax	CEG (n=11)	6.96±3.92	7.97±3.59	1.00(–2.37,0.35)	0.22(–1.55,2.00)	0.38	0.78
Rt. Gmed	SEG (n=16)	4.57±1.48	5.83±1.78	1.25(–2.02,0.44)	–0.81(1.48,0.15)	0.00^*	0.37
Rt. Gmed	CEG (n=11)	4.28±2.24	4.71±2.45	0.43(–0.88,0.01)	–0.81(1.48,0.15)	0.55	0.37
Lt. Gmed	SEG (n=16)	4.46±1.61	5.11±1.78	0.65(–0.88,–0.41)	–0.24(0.62,0.02)	0.00^*	0.00^*
Lt. Gmed	CEG (n=11)	4.18±2.01	4.60±2.18	0.33(–0.64,–0.19)	–0.24(0.62,0.02)	0.00^*	0.00^*
Gait velocity	SEG (n=16)	1.11±0.11	1.41±0.18	0.29(–0.36,–0.14)	0.25(–0.34,0.16)	0.00^*	0.00^*
Gait velocity	CEG (n=11)	1.14±0.12	1.18±0.11	0.03(–0.34,–0.16)	0.25(–0.34,0.16)	0.01^*	0.00^*
VAS (cm)	SEG (n=16)	6.63±2.18	2.63±1.14	4.00(2.86,5.13)	1.54(–1.21,3.21)	0.00^*	0.00^*
VAS (cm)	CEG (n=11)	4.72±2.68	2.27±1.19	2.45(1.13,3.77)	1.54(–1.21,3.21)	0.00^*	0.00^*
KODI (%)	SEG (n=16)	31.19±15.60	17.00±6.99	14.18(8.47,19.90)	9.00(0.86,17.14)	0.00^*	0.03^*
KODI (%)	CEG (n=11)	18.45±12.63	13.27±6.37	5.18(–0.90,11.27)	9.00(0.86,17.14)	0.55	0.03^*

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation; p<0.05.
Abbreviations: SEG, sling exercise group; CEG, common exercise group; Gmax, gluteus maximus; Gmed, gluteus medius; VAS, visual analog scale; KODI, Korean Oswestry Disability Pain Index; SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; Rt, right; Lt, left.