| DBT* or ST† | 2 subgroups:1. Wobble-board balance training; a single-leg stance exercise with clockwise and counter-clockwise rotations2. Strength-training using Theraband; plantarflexion, dorsiflexion, inversion and eversion | 3 times each week, for 4weeks | Wright et al.11 | MentionedMet IAC‡ | CAIT§FAAM||FAAM - ADL¶ and sportSF-36**GRF††Foot lift testTime-in-balanceSEBT‡‡-posterior medial directionFigure of 8 hop testSide hop test | A single exercise can reduce symptoms and improve clinical test performance.Limited evidence indicates that wobble-board balance training was more effective than strength-training. |
| 2 subgroups:Further study of Wright et al.11 at 6 month post-intervention, | 3 times each week, for 4weeks | Wright et al.14 | MentionedMet IAC | CAITFAAMFAAM - ADL and sportSF-36GRFFoot lift testTime-in-balanceSEBT-posterior medial directionFigure of 8 hop testSide hop test | Some improvements were maintained, but not all. |
| DBT, ST, or Control | 3 subgroups:1.Balance-Training; 5 dynamic activities to challenge efficient recovery of single-limb balance2.Strength-Training; resistance-band protocols (dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion) and heel raises with a slow-reversal proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) technique3.Control Group; 20-minute bicycle workout with consistent mild to moderate resistance | 20 minutes, 3 times each week, for 6 weeks. | Hall et al.15 | MentionedMet IAC | Isokinetic strengthSEBT-anterior, posterolateral, and posteromedialThe Balance ErrorScoring System: double-legged stance, single-legged stance, and tandem stanceSide hop test. | Both the DBT and ST groups improved strength, balance, and functional performance, while the control group did not improve. |
| 3 subgroups:1.Balance training; 5 dynamic activities to challenge efficient recovery of single-limb balance2.Strength training; resistance-band protocols(dorsiflexion, inversion, and eversion) and heel raises with a slow-reversal PNF technique3.Control Group; 20-minute bicycle workout with consistent mild to moderate resistance | 20 minutes, 3 times each week, for 6 weeks. | Hall et al.16 | MentionedMet IAC | Disablement in the Physically Active Scale, the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire,FAAMFAAM - ADL and sportVAS§§ | Global and regional health-related quality of life was improved in all 3 groups. |
| DBT or control | 2 subgroups:1. Wobble-board balance training; a single-leg stance exercise with clockwise and counter-clockwise rotations, difficulty of training progressed (height of each level increased by half inch)2. Control; no intervention | 3 times each week, for 4 weeks | Linens et al.17 | MentionedMet IAC | Foot lift testTime-in-balanceTestSEBTSide hop test | Wobble board training significantly improved static balance. |
| DBT with or without STARS|||| | 2 subgroup:1. Balance training progressively2. Balance training with STARS; 5 minutes, calf stretching, plantar massage, ankle joint mobilizations, and ankle joint traction before each balance training session | 20 minutes, 3 times each week, for 4 weeks | Burcal et al.18 | MentionedMet IAC | Self-assessed disability: 24-hour, 1-week, 1-month after the interventionSEBT: 24-hour and 1-week after the interventionStatic single limb stance (time-to-boundary of center of pressure): 24-hour and 1-week after the interventionMCID¶¶MDC*** | Both groups demonstrated improvements in all outcome categories.Only balance training with STARS group exceeded MDC for static balance outcomes. |
| DBT with or without vibration, or Control | 3 subgroups: Progressed balance exercise1. Vibration group; trained with BOSU on an Excel Pro vibration platform2. Non-vibration group; trained with the BOSU on the floor3. Control; no intervention | 3 times each week, for 6 weeks | Sierra-Guzmán et al.19 | MentionedMet IAC | Muscle reaction timesElectrical muscle activity | No significant changes in electrical activity.Only in the vibration group, the response time of peroneus brevis, peroneus longus, and tibialis anterior muscle was significantly improved. |
| 3 subgroups: progressed balance exercise1 Vibration group; trained with BOSU on an Excel Pro vibration platform2.Non-vibration group; trained with the BOSU on the floor3. Control; no intervention | 3 times each week, for 6 weeks | Sierra-Guzmán et al.20 | MentionedMet IAC | Biodex BalanceSystem; overall stability index, anterior-posterior stability index, medial-lateral stability indexSEBT | Whole body vibration training on an unstable surface improved balance in participants with CAI†††.Both training groups performed better on the SEBT.Only the vibration group performed better the BiodexBalance System. |
| DBT | 2 subgroups:1. 1 minute of balance board training daily for 3 weeks2. The same training for 6 weeks | 1 minute, daily, for 3 weeks or 6 weeks | Steinberg et al.21 | MentionedMet IAC | Active ankle inversion movement discrimination ability: immediately, 3-week, and 4week after the intervention | Ankle discrimination acuity scores improved over time for both groups.A significantly faster rate of improvement in ankle discrimination ability score was found for dancers with previous ankle sprain during the last 2 years. |
| 2 subgroups:1. Traditional single-limb balance training; progressive single-limb balance2. Progressive dynamic balance training: hop-to-stabilization balance | 3 times each week, for 4weeks | Anguish et al.22 | MentionedMet IAC | FAAMFAAM - ADL and sportSEBTJoint position sense | Both programs improved self-reported function, dynamic postural control, and joint position sense.Which type of balance training has the greatest effect on improving postural control and function is unknown. |
| 2 subgroups:1. A single-leg stance exercise with active power plate2. Control with inactive power plate | 2 days | Rendos et al.23 | MentionedMet IAC | Static balance: center of pressure displacementSEBT | Static balance improved in both CAI and healthy participants.Whole body vibration training does not acutely improve static or dynamic balance. |
| 2 subgroups:1. Progressive balance training with BAPS board2. Control; no intervention | 3 times each week, for 4 weeks | Cain et al.24 | MentionedMet IAC | Time-in-balance testFoot lift test,SEBTSide hop test | The balance training group improved performance on all measures at posttest, whereas the control group did not. |
| 2 subgroups:1. Balance training: kicking task with progressively altered conditions2. Control; no intervention | 30 minutes | Conceição et al.25 | MentionedMet IAC | Center of pressure displacementAnticipatory postural adjustmentsCompensatory postural adjustments | Postural sway increased during the ball-kicking activity and decreased during a static task in individuals with chronic ankle instability.Tibialis anterior and peroneus longus activity increased after the kick in the balance-perturbation–training group. |
| 2 subgroups:1. Progressive hop stabilization training; figure 8, square shape, zigzag pattern, forward-backward, side to side, and forward hop2. Control; no intervention | 3 times each week, for 6 weeks | Minoonejad et al.26 | MentionedMet IAC | Preparatory and reactive muscle activation (muscle onset time)FAAMFAAM- sportCAITFAOC‡‡‡ | All factors improved in the hop stabilization training group compared to the control group. |
| 2 subgroups:1. Progressed hop stabilization training2. Control; no intervention | 3 times each week, for 6 weeks | Ardakani et al.27 | MentionedMet IAC | Kinematics and kinetics during a single-limb jump landingFAAMFAAM- sportCAITFAOC | Hop-stabilization program resulted in improved biomechanics and decreased ground reaction forces during a single-limb jump landing. |
| Mixed exercise | 2 subgroups:1. Progressive rehabilitation program with destabilization devices; functional activity, ROM§§§, strength, and balance exercises2. Control; same type exercise without devices | 3 times each week, for 4 weeks | Donovan et al.28 | MentionedMet IAC | Kinematics,KineticsSurface electromyography activity. | Ankle destabilization devices caused an increase in dorsiflexion ROM during mid to late stance during gait after rehabilitation, which may contribute to an increase in ankle joint stability.Ankle destabilization devices during balance and functional exercises did not alter frontal plane kinematics or kinetics of the ankle, knee and hip joint. |
| 2 subgroups:1. Progressive rehabilitation program with destabilization devices; functional activity, ROM, strength, and balance exercises2. Control; same type exercise without devices | 3 times each week, for 4 weeks | Donovan et al.29 | MentionedMet IAC | Ankle ROMStrengthSEBTStatic balance (center of pressure on a force plate) | Both groups had large improvements in self-reported function and ankle strength.No differences between the no-device and device groups for any measure. |
| 2 subgroups1. Functionally unstable ankle group: neuromuscular training program (static and dynamic postural stability, strength, plyometric, and speed/agility drills)2. Functionally stable ankle group: same exercise | 60 minutes, 5 times each week, for 6 weeks | Kim et al.30 | MentionedMet IAC | Kinematic data during walking, running, and landing; 6-week and 24-weeks after the intervention | A relatively inverted ankle position during walking and running in functionally unstable ankle group.Neuromuscular training had an immediate effect on changing ankle orientation toward a less everted direction during walking and running as well as jump landing.The changed ankle kinematics seemed to persist during jump, landing but not during walking and running. |
| 2 subgroups:1. Therapeutic exercise on sea sand2. Self-management at home on a firm surface | 60 minutes, 5 times for a week | Shin et al.31 | MentionedMet IAC | Static balance (center of pressure on a force plate)VAS; pain and fatigue | Therapeutic exercise on sea sand effectively improved balance and decreased pain and fatigue. |